Department Of Justice Essays - Law, Government, Prosecution

Department of Justice It is the executive department of the United States federal government, created by Congress in 1870 to assume the functions performed until then by the Office of the Attorney General. The department is headed by the attorney general, which is appointed by the president with the approval of the Senate. The Attorney General is Janet Reno she receives 181, 500 a year. The functions of the department include providing means for the enforcement of federal laws and investigating violations thereof; supervising the federal penal institutions; furnishing legal counsel in cases involving the federal government and conducting all suits brought before the U.S. Supreme Court in which the federal government is concerned; interpreting laws relating to the activities of the other federal departments; and rendering legal advice, upon request, to the president and to cabinet members. The deputy attorney general and the associate attorney general assist the attorney general. Another high-ranking official of the department is the solicitor general, who directs all U.S. government litigation in the Supreme Court and who is concerned generally with the conduct of the appellate litigation of the government. Assistant attorneys general head most of the divisions of the Justice Department. The functions of the department are carried out regionally by U.S. attorneys and U.S. marshals; one of each is appointed to the 94 federal judicial districts by the president, with the consent of the Senate. The department includes the antitrust, civil, civil rights, criminal, environment and natural resources, and tax divisions, as well as administrative offices. The Antitrust Division is charged with the enforcement of the federal antitrust laws and related enactment's against industrial and commercial monopolies; the most important of these laws are the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the Clayton Act of 1914. The Civil Division and its seven major branches supervise all matters relating to civil suits and claims involving the U.S. and its departments, agencies, and officers. Among the varied areas of litigation handled by the Civil Division are patents and copyrights, fraud, tort claims, customs and immigration, international trade, veterans' affairs, and consumer affairs. The Civil Rights Division is responsible for enforcing the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974; the Equal Credit Opportun ity Act of 1976; the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act of 1980; and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. In addition, it is charged with eliminating discrimination in programs that receive federal financial assistance. The Criminal Division is entrusted with enforcing federal criminal statutes relating to such matters as organized crime, kidnapping, bank robbery, fraud against the government, racketeering, obscenity, corruption among public officials, narcotics and dangerous drugs, and certain civil matters such as extradition proceedings and seizure actions under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act. The Internal Security Section of the division is charged with the investigation and prosecution of all cases affecting national security (including espionage and sabotage), foreign relations, and the illegal export of strategic commodities and technology. The Environment and Natural Resources Division represents the U.S. in litigation involving public lands and natural resources, Native American lands and claims, wildlife resources, and environmental quality, including enforcement of the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and similar federal laws and of regulations promulgated by the Environmenta l Protection Agency. The Tax Division conducts all civil and criminal litigation arising out of the internal revenue laws, other than proceedings in the U.S. Tax Court. The Office of Policy and Communications oversees policy development, public affairs, and other administrative areas. Other agencies include the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which investigates violations of federal laws and collects evidence in cases in which the U.S. may be involved; the Bureau of Prisons; the U.S. Parole Commission, which has the authority to release federal prisoners before they complete their entire sentences; the Office of Justice Programs, which provides financial and technical assistance to state and local law enforcement, supports research into justice issues, and accumulates and disseminates criminal justice statistics; the U.S. Marshals Service, which provides protection and other services for the federal courts and responds to emergency situations related to law enforcement; the Drug Enforcement Administration; the Immigration and Naturalization Service; the Executive Office

How to Use Psychology in Advertising to Make People Buy

How to Use Psychology in Advertising to Make People Buy 5,000. That’s the number of advertisements that the average consumer is exposed to every day. You are probably thinking†¦ â€Å"How the heck can I make people notice my advertisements?† Advertisers have long discovered that they can leverage psychology to find what attracts attention, leaves an impression, persuades, and leads to the act of purchase. That being said, you can use psychology to make sure that your advertising is actually working. Ok, that’s awesome. But how? If you want to learn how to make your advertisements actually work, by work I mean make people buy your product, keep on scrolling’.👇 On average, people are exposed to nearly 5,000 ads per day. #advertising.The Psychology of Advertising Chances are you specialize in marketing, not psychology, so this area may be a little†¦ fuzzy. So what is the Psychology of Advertising? Psychology explores human nature, the psyche, and why people behave the way they do. Advertising explores the art of influencing human behavior to make certain purchase decisions. Its no surprise that these two areas converge. Psychology explores human nature, the psyche, and why people behave the way they do. Advertising explores the art of influencing human behavior to make certain purchase decisions. Basic Types of Advertisements Nowadays, there are so many different types of advertisements. Whether you’re using traditional tactics or digital tactics, understanding the psychology behind your advertisements is important. Here are a few of the basic forms of advertisements: Traditional Commercials Newspaper Magazine Radio Direct mail Billboard Digital Social Google Ads Search Display Inbox Sponsored listings Whether you’re running a Google ad, or just put up a billboard, you’ll want to choose either the thinking or feeling approach for your advertisement. CPM vs. HEM There are two basic models that explain how people process information, the Consumer Processing Model and the Hedonic, Experiential Model. In other words, thinking and feeling models. Chances are you’ll lean towards one model, depending on your product and audience. Ads don’t have to be one or the other, think of it more as a scale. Thinking Thinking approaches of advertisements allow consumers to use logic and reason to buy the product based on features or solving a problem. You can think of this advertisement as facts based if that helps. You should use a thinking approach if: You want to highlight direct information, features, benefits, or advantages. Your product is interpreted as a product used to solve a serious need, for example, migraine medication. It aligns with your brand voice  and target audience. Use the thinking approach if: You want to highlight features, benefits, or information Your product relates to a serious issue The approach aligns with your brand voice + target audience An example of an advertisement that uses a CPM approach, or a thinking approach, is Apple’s commercial that introduces their new feature launch of the iPhone XS and iPhone XR. It’s clear that they are highlighting the specific features and benefits of their products with no fluff. Feeling According to a 2016 Nielson Report, ads that generated emotional response got a 23% lift in sales volume. Feeling approaches use emotion to capture consumer behavior. Whether it’s fun, fantasy, or fear, the HEM approach persuades consumers using emotion. You should use a feeling approach if: You can leverage some type of emotion (humor, fear, love, etc.) that will lead a consumer to buy your product. You want to make light of a situation. It aligns with your brand voice and target audience. Use the feeling approach if: You want to leverage some type of emotion You want to make light of a situation The approach aligns with your brand voice + target audience In this commercial, Apple uses a feel-good approach, persuading people to share gifts. Although this ad doesn’t focus on a specific product or feature, they leverage their brand voice and give consumers a good feeling. With over 21 million views, it’s safe to say they got the message out there. Persuasion Techniques Using Emotion If you’ve decided to use the feeling approach for your advertisement, it’s important to choose the emotion that best appeals to your product, target audience, and brand. I’ve listed 4 of the basic emotions that people use in advertising. Humor Humor drives memorability.  If you’re looking to make people remember your product and your brand, this may be the best option for you. Making people laugh helps people remember your brand in a positive light. A company that slayed the humor game is Old Spice. Using humor in your advertisements makes people remember it more than any other emotion.Fear Using fear in an ad can be tricky, but if done right it can be very effective. This tactic uses fear as a persuasion technique by using your product to solve a problem or to change a behavior. Excitement Using excitement  in your advertising can be perfect if you have a feature launch or something exciting to share with your audience. Excitement causes your mind and body to react, which can make people more likely to act and make a purchasing decision. Sadness Making people sad is a great way to get their attention. I know how awful that sounds, but it’s true. Remember that sad puppy commercial  that Budweiser created back in 2014 with the puppies? It was sad in the beginning but made you feel good at the end, and was very memorable. 4 basic emotions to persuade Humor Fear Excitement Sadness Every emotion persuades consumers in a different way, so make sure that the emotion you choose is the best match for your product and brand, and ultimately helps you towards the goal of your advertisement (a.k.a. make people buy). Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/marketing-objectives/ Consumer Information Process Now that we covered the basics, it’s important to know how your audience is going to process the information that you’re throwing in their face, literally. There are 7 important steps that happen before your customer purchases. Ultimately, you have control over almost all of these steps. Exposure to Information This is the very first thing that happens when a viewer sees your ad. This step stems from brand awareness. If it’s someone's very first time seeing the ad, let alone your brand, they may not even notice it. That’s why it’s important to factor in repetition to make your audience more exposed to your advertisement. Selective attention Now that your consumer has been exposed to the information, it’s time to grab their attention (and never let go). This step is tricky because you have no control over your consumer and there is no guarantee that they will see your ad. What I mean is that just because you run a commercial, it doesn’t mean people are watching the tv, or just because you run a display ad, it doesn’t mean the consumer even looks at it. You have to make your target audience notice you with all the distractions going on in their everyday life. Using the Color Psychology  principles to attract viewers is one of the smartest ways to achieve their undivided attention. Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/color-psychology-marketing/ Comprehension This step is pretty important because if your consumer can’t comprehend what you’re selling, chances are they aren’t going to purchase. If you’re using the HEM approach, it’s important that you make sure that your underlying message is clear. Don’t let the message in your advertisement overshine your product. Agreement You’ve captured their attention, they understand what your selling, what’s next? Agreement. If you have a credible message that aligns with your target audience and their needs, this step should naturally happen. If you want more tips on creating effective articles, read this. Retention and Retrieval Think back to the last ad you saw that you actually stood out. Why did it stand out to you? This is your chance to make your ad stand out from the rest so when the consumer is ready to purchase, they think of you and not your competition. Check out what your competitors are doing and make sure that your advertisement is different than theirs (and better 😉). Decision Making At this step you’re so close, yet so far away. Your consumer realizes that your product may be right for them, but there are so many considerations in the decision making process. Adding a call to action could be the extra push that your consumer needs to buy your product. If the consumer decides to buy your product after seeing your advertisement, it doesn’t mean that they will follow through. Keep in mind that the product isn’t sold until that purchase is made. Action This final step was the goal all along, to make the consumer purchase your product. Give yourself a pat on the back because this means your advertisement worked. Through all the ads that consumers are exposed to and the different steps their brain takes before purchasing a product, they chose yours. How to Use Psychology in Advertising to Make People Buy 5,000. That’s the number of advertisements that the average consumer is exposed to every day. You are probably thinking†¦ â€Å"How the heck can I make people notice my advertisements?† Advertisers have long discovered that they can leverage psychology to find what attracts attention, leaves an impression, persuades, and leads to the act of purchase. That being said, you can use psychology to make sure that your advertising is actually working. Ok, that’s awesome. But how? If you want to learn how to make your advertisements actually work, by work I mean make people buy your product, keep on scrolling’.👇 On average, people are exposed to nearly 5,000 ads per day. #advertising.The Psychology of Advertising Chances are you specialize in marketing, not psychology, so this area may be a little†¦ fuzzy. So what is the Psychology of Advertising? Psychology explores human nature, the psyche, and why people behave the way they do. Advertising explores the art of influencing human behavior to make certain purchase decisions. Its no surprise that these two areas converge. Psychology explores human nature, the psyche, and why people behave the way they do. Advertising explores the art of influencing human behavior to make certain purchase decisions. Basic Types of Advertisements Nowadays, there are so many different types of advertisements. Whether you’re using traditional tactics or digital tactics, understanding the psychology behind your advertisements is important. Here are a few of the basic forms of advertisements: Traditional Commercials Newspaper Magazine Radio Direct mail Billboard Digital Social Google Ads Search Display Inbox Sponsored listings Whether you’re running a Google ad, or just put up a billboard, you’ll want to choose either the thinking or feeling approach for your advertisement. CPM vs. HEM There are two basic models that explain how people process information, the Consumer Processing Model and the Hedonic, Experiential Model. In other words, thinking and feeling models. Chances are you’ll lean towards one model, depending on your product and audience. Ads don’t have to be one or the other, think of it more as a scale. Thinking Thinking approaches of advertisements allow consumers to use logic and reason to buy the product based on features or solving a problem. You can think of this advertisement as facts based if that helps. You should use a thinking approach if: You want to highlight direct information, features, benefits, or advantages. Your product is interpreted as a product used to solve a serious need, for example, migraine medication. It aligns with your brand voice  and target audience. Use the thinking approach if: You want to highlight features, benefits, or information Your product relates to a serious issue The approach aligns with your brand voice + target audience Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/brand-voice-guidelines/ An example of an advertisement that uses a CPM approach, or a thinking approach, is Apple’s commercial that introduces their new feature launch of the iPhone XS and iPhone XR. It’s clear that they are highlighting the specific features and benefits of their products with no fluff. Feeling According to a 2016 Nielson Report, ads that generated emotional response got a 23% lift in sales volume. Feeling approaches use emotion to capture consumer behavior. Whether it’s fun, fantasy, or fear, the HEM approach persuades consumers using emotion. You should use a feeling approach if: You can leverage some type of emotion (humor, fear, love, etc.) that will lead a consumer to buy your product. You want to make light of a situation. It aligns with your brand voice and target audience. Use the feeling approach if: You want to leverage some type of emotion You want to make light of a situation The approach aligns with your brand voice + target audience In this commercial, Apple uses a feel-good approach, persuading people to share gifts. Although this ad doesn’t focus on a specific product or feature, they leverage their brand voice and give consumers a good feeling. With over 21 million views, it’s safe to say they got the message out there. Persuasion Techniques Using Emotion If you’ve decided to use the feeling approach for your advertisement, it’s important to choose the emotion that best appeals to your product, target audience, and brand. I’ve listed 4 of the basic emotions that people use in advertising. Humor Humor drives memorability.  If you’re looking to make people remember your product and your brand, this may be the best option for you. Making people laugh helps people remember your brand in a positive light. A company that slayed the humor game is Old Spice. Using humor in your advertisements makes people remember it more than any other emotion.Fear Using fear in an ad can be tricky, but if done right it can be very effective. This tactic uses fear as a persuasion technique by using your product to solve a problem or to change a behavior. Excitement Using excitement  in your advertising can be perfect if you have a feature launch or something exciting to share with your audience. Excitement causes your mind and body to react, which can make people more likely to act and make a purchasing decision. Sadness Making people sad is a great way to get their attention. I know how awful that sounds, but it’s true. Remember that sad puppy commercial  that Budweiser created back in 2014 with the puppies? It was sad in the beginning but made you feel good at the end, and was very memorable. 4 basic emotions to persuade Humor Fear Excitement Sadness Every emotion persuades consumers in a different way, so make sure that the emotion you choose is the best match for your product and brand, and ultimately helps you towards the goal of your advertisement (a.k.a. make people buy). Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/marketing-objectives/ Consumer Information Process Now that we covered the basics, it’s important to know how your audience is going to process the information that you’re throwing in their face, literally. There are 7 important steps that happen before your customer purchases. Ultimately, you have control over almost all of these steps. Exposure to Information This is the very first thing that happens when a viewer sees your ad. This step stems from brand awareness. If it’s someone's very first time seeing the ad, let alone your brand, they may not even notice it. That’s why it’s important to factor in repetition to make your audience more exposed to your advertisement. Selective attention Now that your consumer has been exposed to the information, it’s time to grab their attention (and never let go). This step is tricky because you have no control over your consumer and there is no guarantee that they will see your ad. What I mean is that just because you run a commercial, it doesn’t mean people are watching the tv, or just because you run a display ad, it doesn’t mean the consumer even looks at it. You have to make your target audience notice you with all the distractions going on in their everyday life. Using the Color Psychology  principles to attract viewers is one of the smartest ways to achieve their undivided attention. Recommended Reading: https://.com/blog/color-psychology-marketing/ Comprehension This step is pretty important because if your consumer can’t comprehend what you’re selling, chances are they aren’t going to purchase. If you’re using the HEM approach, it’s important that you make sure that your underlying message is clear. Don’t let the message in your advertisement overshine your product. Agreement You’ve captured their attention, they understand what your selling, what’s next? Agreement. If you have a credible message that aligns with your target audience and their needs, this step should naturally happen. If you want more tips on creating effective articles, read this. Retention and Retrieval Think back to the last ad you saw that you actually stood out. Why did it stand out to you? This is your chance to make your ad stand out from the rest so when the consumer is ready to purchase, they think of you and not your competition. Check out what your competitors are doing and make sure that your advertisement is different than theirs (and better 😉). Decision Making At this step you’re so close, yet so far away. Your consumer realizes that your product may be right for them, but there are so many considerations in the decision making process. Adding a call to action could be the extra push that your consumer needs to buy your product. If the consumer decides to buy your product after seeing your advertisement, it doesn’t mean that they will follow through. Keep in mind that the product isn’t sold until that purchase is made. Action This final step was the goal all along, to make the consumer purchase your product. Give yourself a pat on the back because this means your advertisement worked. Through all the ads that consumers are exposed to and the different steps their brain takes before purchasing a product, they chose yours.

Quality Managment and Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Quality Managment and Control - Essay Example How the company implemented quality management In fact, the company, at first, tried to analyze how its customers evaluate their products. To the utter surprise of the company, the customers were only partially satisfied. As illustrated in Champman and Hall (1991, p. 160), when the company probed further into the issue, it was found that there were problems regarding packaging, installation, labeling, and integration with other products; and these findings created a wave of shock in the company, and as a result, various strategies were developed in the plant. At first, the company set up a steering committee that consisted of all the senior management. As a part of it, a strategy was set up by the company that was to be implemented from below was started. This strategy clearly identified what each employee had to do to achieve the company goals. As a part of it, the company introduced ‘Just-in-time’, a strategy for quality management, was introduced in the year 1984 (ibi d). It started with providing education to all the employees. Once they found the program effective among the employees, it was spread to the IBM suppliers. As a part of it, senior managements of supplier chains were provided extensive classes. It was followed by supplier certification program which is based on BS5750 that covered everything ranging from process qualification, project management and statistical techniques (ibid). Following this, in 1985, the company introduced the techniques known as ‘process quality management’ and ‘departmental purpose analysis’ (DPA) (ibid). DPA aimed at finding and eliminating the non-value-added services conducted by a department. From the analysis, it became evident that some... This paper approves that the company views itself as a knowledge company and hence skills and knowledge are very vital for the company. So, the quality control of the company starts from the moment it decides to select employees. According to the company, a global supply chain with thousands of partners faces increased risks of waste, inefficiency, environment impact, and cost. So, it becomes necessary to continuously improve business performance and sustainability and this should reach the supply chains. The inability in this step can lead to higher use of energy, and other natural resources resulting in severe environmental damage. In addition, there will be problems like poor quality products and services, safety concerns, and poor labor practices. This will result in the detachment of stakeholders like customers, shareholders, partners and employees. IBM has developed extensive guidelines ensuring quality in its supplier operations. This essay makes a conclusion that in total, it becomes evident that the company introduced quality management and control measures as early as 1980s and the measures adopted by IBM were in no way inferior to the strategies of other companies. In fact, the company holds a proven record of effective quality management and control that ranges from senior management to sub-contractors. Furthermore, it is evident that adopting Six Sigma in their quality control will further sharpen their strategies and will make it flawless and more effective.

Fallacy Spotting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fallacy Spotting - Assignment Example Essentially, this is a straw man argument; due to the fact that a given television show was only ever a recent reproduction and historical interpretation of fictional events – not a documentary record of the way in which individuals segued into adulthood and portended themselves. Likewise, the article itself is also indicative of what is known as a â€Å"false dilemma†. Essentially, numerous other indications why the current generation might be exhibited certain signs of â€Å"immaturity† has to do with the fact that extremely difficult economic times have acquired individuals to move in with their parents, provided them with relatively few opportunities, and restricted the level of maturity that might have otherwise developed. As such, the dilemma that has been represented is one that is seemingly of choice; namely that the adults of the current generation do not wish to be adults. However, the fact of the matter is that the adult the current generation oftentim es constrained by very real economic realities that define nearly each and every aspect of the way in which they live their

Advanced Technology the Key to the Chinese Economy Development Essay

Advanced Technology the Key to the Chinese Economy Development - Essay Example China failed to take the next step and the topic of discussion of the articles revolves around the cause of failure taking the Needham under consideration. The high-level equilibrium trap The above concept was first proposed by Mark Elvin and later supported by some eminent historians. Elvin analysed the economy and the surprising technological advancements and came out with the hypothesis of inadequate capital, constraints in the market, lack of entrepreneurship to be the major causes of failure. He supported his view with examples and evidence. The incentives behind technological innovations were led by family farming, the market system and the fee-simple ownership. So the advancement took the rising curve initially (Maluste, 2011, p.22). The population expanded rapidly and the amount of land got limited. The required amount of food to feed the entire population got limited leading to cheap labour and cost of capital increased. So the country lacked the required surplus necessary f or sustained industrialization. Although China reached the threshold level at the fourteenth century the population grew to such a level where there was no requirement for the labour saving devices (Lin, 1995, p.272). The potential of agriculture is correlated with agriculture. If there is inhibition of technology the equilibrium trap is absent. Therefore, the focus should be towards the rising cause of land ratio and the reason which can be stated is the lack of inventive creativity. According to Chao, the worsening of man to land ratio was not due to the orientation of inventions. If the man to land ratio of the twelfth century is taken into account the claim of no need for technological advancements appears tenuous. The surveys proved that in those periods there was not a single day where the farm households were not occupied in the farmlands. Therefore the claim of no need of labour saving devices is not valid (Bloom, et al, 2006, p.1). The other reason stated by the above-discu ssed hypothesis is inadequate surplus from agriculture rising from weak man to land ratio. This reason has some flaws as well. The surplus of per capita should have been higher in the fourteenth and fifteenth century than that achieved in the twelfth century. Again there is no empirical support to claim the statement that high man to land ratio depleted from the agricultural surplus. Therefore the concept of high-level equilibrium trap stands invalid in analysing the reasons of absence of industrial revolution in China (Kuijs, 2012, p.15). Population, Science and innovations China failed to reap the benefits of technological advancements as it did not transform the experience based procedure of discovery to experiment cum science-based improvement. The Needham’s model assumes the source of the invention to be trial and error. One type of trial and error is based on experience while the other is based on experiment. The former refers to the activities of peasants on the farmla nd while the later trial and error refer to the activities of the investor to innovate new technologies. The technology can be freely obtained from the former while that from later trial and error is costly. The implications drawn from the Needham’s model are discussed below (Swamy, 2010, p.12). The probability of invention or innovation of new technology is dependent upon the positive function of the number of trials.  

Understanding The Objectives Of Trade Unions

Understanding The Objectives Of Trade Unions Trade unions represent individual workers when they have a problem at work. If an employee feels he is being unfairly treated, he can ask the union representative to help sort out the difficulty with the manager or employer. Unions also offer their members legal representation. Normally this is to help people get financial compensation for work-related injuries or to assist people who have to take their employer to court. Negotiation is where union representatives, discuss with management, the issues which affect people working in an organization. There may be a difference of opinion between management and union members. Trade unions negotiate with the employers to find out a solution to these differences. Pay, working hours, holidays and changes to working practices are the sorts of issues that are negotiated. In many workplaces there is a formal agreement between the union and the company which states that the union has the right to negotiate with the employer. In these organizations, unions are said to be recognized for collective bargaining purposes. Voice in decisions affecting workers The economic security of employees is determined not only by the level of wages and duration of their employment, but also by the managements personal policies which include selection of employees for lay offs, retrenchment, promotion and transfer. These policies directly affect workers. The evaluation criteria for such decisions may not be fair. So, the intervention of unions in such decision making is a way through which workers can have their say in the decision making to safeguard their interests. Member services During the last few years, trade unions have increased the range of services they offer their members. These include: Education and training Most unions run training courses for their members on employment rights, health and safety and other issues. Some unions also help members who have left school with little education by offering courses on basic skills and courses leading to professional qualifications. Legal assistance As well as offering legal advice on employment issues, some unions give help with personal matters, like housing, wills and debt. Financial discounts People can get discounts on mortgages, insurance and loans from unions. Welfare benefits One of the earliest functions of trade unions was to look after members who hit hard times. Some of the older unions offer financial help to their members when they are sick or unemployed. 3.2 Functions of Trade Unions Trade unions perform a number of functions in order to achieve the objectives. These functions can be broadly classified into three categories: (i) Â  Militant functions, (ii) Fraternal functions 3.2.1 Militant Functions One set of activities performed by trade unions leads to the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure adequate wages secure better conditions of work and employment and get better treatment from employers, etc. When the unions fail to accomplish these aims by the method of collective bargaining and negotiations, they adopt an approach and put up a fight with the management in the form of go-slow tactics, strike, boycott, gherao, etc. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Thus, the militant functions of trade unions can be summed up as: To achieve higher wages and better working conditions To raise the status of workers as a part of industry To protect labors against victimization and injustice 3.2.2 Fraternal Functions another set of activities performed by trade unions aims at rendering help to its members in times of need, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to foster a spirit of cooperation and promote friendly relations and diffuse education and culture among their members. They take up welfare measures for improving the morale of workers and generate self confidence among them. They also arrange for legal assistance to its members, if necessary. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. Some trade unions even undertake publication of some magazine or journal. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Thus, the fraternal functions of t rade unions can be summed up as: To take up welfare measures for improving the morale of workers To generate self confidence among workers To encourage sincerity and discipline among workers To provide opportunities for promotion and growth To protect women workers against discrimination 3.3 Importance of Trade Unions The existence of a strong and recognized trade union is a pre-requisite to industrial peace. Decisions taken through the process of collective bargaining and negotiations between employer and unions are more influential. Trade unions play an important role and are helpful in effective communication between the workers and the management. They provide the advice and support to ensure that the differences of opinion do not turn into major conflicts. The central function of a trade union is to represent people at work. But they also have a wider role in protecting their interests. They also play an important educational role, organizing courses for their members on a wide range of matters. Seeking a healthy and safe working environment is also prominent feature of union activity. Trade unions help in accelerated pace of economic development in many ways as follows: By helping in the recruitment and selection of workers. By inculcating discipline among the workforce. By enabling settlement of industrial disputes in a rational manner. By helping social adjustments. Workers have to adjust themselves to the new working conditions, the new rules and policies. Workers coming from different backgrounds may become disorganized, unsatisfied and frustrated. Unions help them in such adjustment. Trade unions are a part of society and as such, have to take into consideration the national integration as well. Some important social responsibilities of trade unions include: promoting and maintaining national integration by reducing the number of industrial disputes incorporating a sense of corporate social responsibility in workers achieving industrial peace 3.4 Reasons for Joining Trade Unions The important forces that make the employees join a union are as follows: 1. Greater Bargaining Power The individual employee possesses very little bargaining power as compared to that of his employer. If he is not satisfied with the wage and other conditions of employment, he can leave the job. It is not practicable to continually resign from one job after another when he is dissatisfied. This imposes a great financial and emotional burden upon the worker. The better course for him is to join a union that can take concerted action against the employer. The threat or actuality of a strike by a union is a powerful tool that often causes the employer to accept the demands of the workers for better conditions of employment. 2. Minimize Discrimination the decisions regarding pay, work, transfer, promotion, etc. are highly subjective in nature. The personal relationships existing between the supervisor and each of his subordinates may influence the management. Thus, there are chances of favoritisms and discriminations. A trade union can compel the management to formulate personnel policies that press for equality of treatment to the workers. All the labor decisions of the management are under close scrutiny of the labor union. This has the effect of minimizing favoritism and discrimination. 3. Sense of Security The employees may join the unions because of their belief that it is an effective way to secure adequate protection from various types of hazards and income insecurity such as accident, injury, illness, unemployment, etc. The trade union secure retirement benefits of the workers and compel the management to invest in welfare services for the benefit of the workers. 4. Sense of Participation the employees can participate in management of matters affecting their interests only if they join trade unions. They can influence the decisions that are taken as a result of collective bargaining between the union and the management. 5. Sense of Belongingness Many employees join a union because their co-workers are the members of the union. At times, an employee joins a union under group pressure; if he does not, he often has a very difficult time at work. On the other hand, those who are members of a union feel that they gain respect in the eyes of their fellow workers. They can also discuss their problem with the trade union leaders. 6. Platform for self expression the desire for self-expression is a fundamental human drive for most people. All of us wish to share our feelings, ideas and opinions with others. Similarly the workers also want the management to listen to them. A trade union provides such a forum where the feelings, ideas and opinions of the workers could be discussed. It can also transmit the feelings, ideas, opinions and complaints of the workers to the management. The collective voice of the workers is heard by the management and give due consideration while taking policy decisions by the management. 7. Betterment of relationships another reason for employees joining unions is that employees feel that unions can fulfill the important need for adequate machinery for proper maintenance of employer-employee relations. Unions help in betterment of relations among management and workers by solving the problems peacefully. 3.5 Trade Unionism in India The trade unionism in India developed quite slowly as compared to the western nations. Indian trade union movement can be divided into three phases. The first phase (1850 to1900) During this phase the inception of trade unions took place. During this period, the working and living conditions of the labor were poor and their working hours were long. Capitalists were only interested in their productivity and profitability. In addition, the wages were also low and general economic conditions were poor in industries. In order to regulate the working hours and other service conditions of the Indian textile laborers, the Indian Factories Act was enacted in 1881. As a result, employment of child labor was prohibited. The growth of trade union movement was slow in this phase and later on the Indian Factory Act of 1881 was amended in 1891. Many strikes took place in the two decades following 1880 in all industrial cities. These strikes taught workers to understand the power of united action even though there was no union in real terms. Small associations like Bombay Mill-Hands Association came up by this time. The second phase (1900 to 1946) This phase was characterized by the development of organized trade unions and political movements of the working class. Between 1918 and 1923, many unions came into existence in the country. At Ahmedabad, under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, occupational unions like spinners unions and weavers unions were formed. A strike was launched by these unions under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi who turned it into a satyagrah. These unions federated into industrial union known as Textile Labor Association in 1920.In 1920, the First National Trade union organization (The All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC)) was established. Many of the leaders of this organization were leaders of the national Movement. In 1926, Trade union law came up with the efforts of Mr. N N Joshi that became operative from 1927. During 1928, All India Trade Union Federation (AITUF) was formed. The third phase began with the emergence of independent India (in 1947). The partition of country affected the trade union movement particularly Bengal and Punjab. By 1949, four central trade union organizations were functioning in the country: The All India Trade Union Congress, The Indian National Trade Union Congress, The Hindu Mazdoor Sangh, and The United Trade Union Congress The working class movement was also politicized along the lines of political parties. For instance Indian national trade Union Congress (INTUC) is the trade union arm of the Congress Party. The AITUC is the trade union arm of the Communist Party of India. Besides workers, white-collar employees, supervisors and managers are also organized by the trade unions, as for example in the Banking, Insurance and Petroleum industries. 3.6 Trade unions in India the Indian workforce consists of 430 million workers, growing 2% annually. The Indian labor markets consist of three sectors: The rural workers, who constitute about 60 per cent of the workforce. Organized sector, which employs 8 per cent of workforce, and The urban informal sector (which includes the growing software industry and other services, not included in the formal sector) which constitutes the rest 32 per cent of the workforce. At present there are twelve Central Trade Union Organizations in India: All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) Hind Mazdoor Kisan Panchayat (HMKP) Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) Indian Federation of Free Trade Unions (IFFTU) Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) National Front of Indian Trade Unions (NFITU) National Labor Organization (NLO) Trade Unions Co-ordination Centre (TUCC) United Trade Union Congress (UTUC) and United Trade Union Congress Lenin Sarani (UTUC LS) FIGURES REGARDING TRADE UNIONS Table Showing Growth of Trade Unions and Membership is following below Growth of trade unions and membership 3.7 Industrial Relation Policy Prior to 1991, the industrial relations system in India sought to control conflicts and disputes through excessive labor legislations. These labor laws were protective in nature and covered a wide range of aspects of workplace industrial relations like laws on health and safety of labors, layoffs and retrenchment policies, industrial disputes and the like. The basic purpose of these laws was to protect labors. However, these protectionist policies created an atmosphere that led to increased inefficiency in firms, over employment and inability to introduce efficacy. With the coming of globalization, the 40 year old policy of protectionism proved inadequate for Indian industry to remain competitive as the lack of flexibility posed a serious threat to manufacturers because they had to compete in the international market. With the advent of liberalization in1992, the industrial relations policy began to change. Now, the policy was tilted towards employers. Employers opted for workforce reduction, introduced policies of voluntary retirement schemes and flexibility in workplace also increased. Thus, globalization brought major changes in industrial relations policy in India. The changes can be summarized as follows: Collective bargaining in India has mostly been decentralized, but now in sectors where it was not so, are also facing pressures to follow decentralization. Some industries are cutting employment to a significant extent to cope with the domestic and foreign competition e.g. pharmaceuticals. On the other hand, in other industries where the demand for employment is increasing are experiencing employment growths. In the expansionary economy there is a clear shortage of managers and skilled labor. The number of local and enterprise level unions has increased and there is a significant reduction in the influence of the unions. Under pressure some unions and federations are putting up a united front e.g. banking. Another trend is that the employers have started to push for internal unions i.e. no outside affiliation. HR policies and forms of work are emerging that include, especially in multi-national companies, multi-skills, variable compensation, job rotation etc. These new policies are difficult to implement in place of old practices as the institutional set up still needs to be changed. HRM is seen as a key component of business strategy. Training and skill development is also receiving attention in a number of industries, especially banking and information technology.

Susan Glaspells Trifles and A Jury of Her Peers Essay -- Susan Glaspe

In the early 1900's Susan Glaspell wrote many works, two stand out, the play "Trifles" and the short story "A Jury of Her Peers". Trifles was written in 1920, while "A Jury of Her Peers" was written the following year. Trifles was written in only ten days. The true greatness of these works were not recognized until the 1970's. In the short story "A Jury of Her Peers" a woman named Minnie Wright is accused of the murder of her husband. Minnie Wright is a farmer's wife and is also isolated from the out side world. There is an investigation that takes place in the home of the murder. There are three men that are involved on the case and two women accompany, but are not there to really help solve the murder. These two women will solve the murder and protect Mrs. Wright of any wrongdoing. The women will justify to themselves, that the murder was justifiable. The three men seek out to find motive, but they never do and the case will go unsolved. Glaspell uses symbolism as her a literary device to illuminate her theme. The symbols include: a jar of cherries, a bird, a quilt, kitchen, an even the type of knot that was used for her quilt. All of these details will help the two women justify the murder of Mr. Wright. I wish to show how Glaspell uses symbolism to justify the murder. I also wish to show how a dis turbed farm-womon will get away with murder because of two farmwomen helping her, by getting rid of valuable evidence. In the short story "A Jury of Her Peers" Glaspell first uses the kitchen as her first use of symbolism, to show disarray. According to one critic Kathleen Wilson"The kitchen is described as being in disorder with unwashed pans under the sink, a dishtowel left on table, a loaf of bread outside the breadbox, and other disarray. This gives the impression of no attention having been paid to cleaning up either recently or usually" (Wilson 3). The room has faded wallpaper, an old black stove, and an old iron sink with a hand pump and no curtains at the one window. The unpainted table at the center sounds old and utilitarian. The description suggests a very uninviting room with no frills or anything to brighten the area. Nothing frivolous or feminine, like flowers or colorful plates are described as being in the room. Now these are details that were very thought out to help give the reader more ambition to find their own explana... ...tchen, and the knot that was used for her quilt. I am sympathetic to Minnie being abused by her husband, but I still think that murder was not the answer to her problems. Works Cited Alkalay-Gut, Karen."' Jury of Her Peer': The Importance of Trifles." Studies in Short Fiction 21 (1989): 1-9 Ben-Zvi, Linda. "'Murder, She Wrote': The Genesis of Susan Glaspell's Trifles." Theate Journal 44 (1992): 1-21 Glaspell, Susan. "A Jury of Her Peers". Literature and the Writing Process. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 5th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 1999. 281-294. Maillakais, Mike."A Woman's Place: Literary Background for Glaspell's Trifles." Susan Glaspell Trifles. Dr. Jim Wohlpart and Lisa Crocker. Web. 22 Nov. 2014. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm Smith, Beverly A. "Women's Works-Trifles The Skill and Insights of Playwright Susan Glaspell."International Journal of Women's Studies 5 (1982): 172-184 Wilson, Kathleen. Susan Glaspell's' A Jury of Her Peers'." Women's Studies 12 (1986): 89-110. Rpt. in Short Stories for Students. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.

A Study About German Architecture Essay

My German ascendants are believed to hold come from the northwesterly part of Germany perchance around the metropolis of Hamburg. The metropolis of Hamburg was a major port in the early 1900s and was home to transporting to Africa, East Asia, South America and India. After the desolation of World War 1 on the state, Hamburg lost many of its trade paths and its booming economic system slowed with the remainder of Germany. This made the former extremely popular trade port now a port to the new universe. It is believed that my ascendants came from this country around the clip that the war had ended. I believe they came to the United States in hopes of freedom and a new manner of life. The clime in Hamburg is really mild, in its warmest months of June, July, and August the mean temperature is 70 grades Fahrenheit, while in the coldest months of December, January, and February the norm is 30 grades Fahrenheit. Hamburg is located in the southmost portion of the Jutland peninsula on the Alb e River. Although in their pure signifier hunting and assemblage, every bit good as gardening and pastoralism are non subsistent schemes of today in the German civilization, thoughts from each are used in a more modern manner when it comes to the states usage of agribusiness. Though agribusiness is non the largest subsistence scheme ( about 5 % of labourers work in agricultural ) there is said to be every bit much as 53 % of land in Germany used for agricultural intents. There is about 15 % of pastoral land used for cowss, hogs, domestic fowl and some sheep. Much of the dairy land is found in the southern part of Germany, hogs and cowss are frequently grazing land in the mountain parts. To bring forth the nutrient, milk, and wool these domesticated animate beings provide there are many engineerings used today which were non originally portion of pastoralism. These many types of engineerings used in cultivating animate beings include: a type of fence or lodging to maintain the animate beings c losely confined ( henhouses for poulets ) , machines to assist bring forth and milk the cattles, automatic eating systems are sometimes used to feed the animate beings, round bailer for hay, nutrient bins or silos to hive away nutrients such as grain and hay, unreal insemination kits are used to increase the quality of construct and increase the construct rate, shearing tools are used to acquire the wool off of the sheep, Canis familiariss are besides frequently used to heard the sheep. The division of labour in cultivating these animate beings has shifted over clip from labour intensive and human powered, to more of a technologically goaded system that includes machinery and other powered equipment. Human labour is still needed but non in the capacity as it was in old old ages, human accomplishment is besides a chief portion of the division of labour. A Shearer is needed to clean the sheep of its wool, veterinaries to give shootings and assist maintain the animate beings healthy, e very bit good as trained persons who know how to properly tally and set the powered equipment. Horticultural merchandises that are produced in Germany are dependent on the part of the state where they are adult, as the terrains vary. In the northern part and parts of eastern Germany you will happen merchandises such as sugar Beta vulgariss and cereals ( grain corn and corn-cob mix ) which make up about 56 % of the cultivable land. 17 % of this cultivable land is inhabited by eatage harvests, largely in parts where population is scarce. Industrial harvests such as oil-rich seeds, hops, baccy, herbs, and spice workss are produced on about 15 % of this cultivable land. Approximately 12 % of the cultivable land is fallow or produces root harvests such as carrots and yams. Vegetables and fruits such as grapes used to do vino compile around 1 % of the cultivable land and are found in the hills of the many coastal river metropoliss that are really common in Germany ; most of which prevarication on the Rhine and the Mecca rivers. There are many agricultural engineerings used to acquir e the most out of these harvests with every bit small aid from the human manus as possible. Large machines such as combines, tractors, harvest plantation owners and ploughs allow for the usage of a few human custodies and supply the ability to reap many acres.A Irrigation systems are used to assist the harvests grow and are frequently set up in Fieldss like overhanging sprinkler systems, fertiliser is used to maintain the dirt rich and is modernly used in liquid signifier and is by and large held in a armored combat vehicle that is attached to either a tractor or harvest plantation owner, seeders which are used to works the harvests, there is besides other cultivated land and reaping equipment available for usage. The division of labour is separated by physical labourers who rely on human power to make things such as picking stones and puting up irrigation systems to trained workers who operate the heavy machinery. Most of the farms where this takes topographic point are household o wned and run on less than 150 estates. More than 75 % of the land used to cultivate harvests and animate beings in Germany is found in the western part, this land allows for the state to provide themselves with about 80 % of their one-year nutrient demands. Germany is one of Europe ‘s top industrial powers and is besides Europe ‘s prima exporter of vehicles, chemicals and machinery. Its strongest industrial countries are vehicles, chemicals, machinery, machine tools, steel, Fe, coal, and a certain drink – beer. Top companies in the German auto industry include BMW, Audi, Porsche, Mercedes, and Volkswagen. These companies help Germany remain near the top of the universe ‘s automotive industry. The fabrication of these autos is done in assembly and production mills where the usage of machinery, robotics, every bit good as human accomplishment and labour are the chief divisions of engineering and the assembly line is the most common signifier of production. The division of labour in the automotive industry includes extremely educated and skilled workers who work in the assembly workss as the applied scientists and directors. There is besides pay labourers, most of which work straight on the line bring forthing part s that help set your auto together from its engine constituents, to axles, to organic structure casting. Other pay labourers include those who adhere windscreens, install Windowss, tyres and other pieces that when set together do up your German car. The electronic revolution is really prevailing in Germany and much like the United States and the remainder of the universe is tilting towards the usage of information engineering to garner information of many different topics. These information engineerings include things such as banking where you can put up direct sedimentation with your employer every bit good as keep path of your personal fiscal history information and touristry which allows you to do travel programs without the usage of an agent. Other information engineerings include transit, instruction, gas pumps, and the largest of all communicating by manner of the cellular phone. Cell phones allow people to pass on from any location at any clip of the twenty-four hours, they are besides now frequently used as nomadic computing machines which merely increases their convenience. For these nomadic communicating devices to work decently engineerings include computing machine hardware and package to pull off the different cell phone histories, every bit good as towers and orbiters to supply a signal and frequence for these phones to be expeditiously used. The division of labour includes IT people, who create and maintain web sites and computing machine scheduling, physical labourers who are used to put up the towers and do other necessary field work, every bit good as directors who run the twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours retail operations and gross revenues people who sell the phones and supply information to accepting people a companies. The German political system is a centralised system which means people yield their sovereignty to this centralised authorities by following regulations and Torahs that have been laid out for the citizens to follow. Germanys Basic Law or Constitution divides the power of authorities into three subdivisions. They have a bicameral parliamentary legislative assembly which includes the federal council besides known as the Bundesrat, which holds 69 members, all of which are nominated by the province and the Bundestag ( federal assembly ) which has over 600 members who are elected by popular ballot to a four twelvemonth term. The executive subdivision is made up of the President ( head of province ) and Chancellor ( caput of authorities ) . The president is elected to a five twelvemonth term by the federal assembly and an equal figure of delegates from each province parliament, while the Chancellor is elected to a four twelvemonth term by the federal assembly. The Federal Constitutional Cou rt is elected every bit by both the Bundestag and Bundesrat and do up their judicial subdivision of authorities. Germany uses negative reciprocality when it comes to their informal economic and personal manner of interchanging goods and services. This means that the individual who is supplying the good or service is gaining from the dealing more so than the receiving system or purchaser. Economic exchange comes in the signifier of market exchange where there is a excess of goods that are sold for a net income and is based on the degrees of supply and demand. Germany is officially based on the economic system of capitalist economy, which promotes economic growing. Capitalism is when goods, services, labour, and resources are sold off for a net income at market where benefits travel to both the buyer and provider, even though the provider is gaining the most. The dislocation of economic sectors in Germany include 72 % third or service, about 27 % secondary or fabrication, while merely about 1 % is primary or the extraction of natural stuffs. The GDP per capita fell from $ 35,900 in 2008 to $ 34,200 in 2009, while the unemployment rate rose from 7.8 & A ; in 2008 to 8.2 % in 2009, demoing that the economic system was and still is experiencing the sick effects of the planetary economic state of affairs. There are many different faiths practiced freely in Germany under the basic jurisprudence and they all pattern monotheism which concludes they all believe in one supreme higher being. The figure one faith is Christianity with about 67 per centum who are chiefly located in southern and eastern Germany. The figure two faith is Islam at around 4 per centum, most of whom are immigrants from Turkey. The remainder of the spiritual sector is made up of largely Buddhism and Judaism. There is besides a strong population of Germans who believe there is no God and pattern Atheism. Though most of the people in Germany do non go to church on a regular footing most still recognize spiritual ceremonials such as vacations, baptisms, matrimonies, and funerals. Some spiritual vacations include Good Friday, Easter Monday, Fronleichnam ( 60 yearss after Easter ) , and Weihnachten ( German name for Christmas ) . Though faith is practiced freely there are Torahs in topographic point that revenue enhanceme nt members of their several churches to assist fund any and all church related disbursals. This revenue enhancement can either be collected by the community the church is in or the province. If you are non portion of a church that collects these revenue enhancements so you merely do non hold to pay the church revenue enhancement. Marriage in Germany is typical to that of the United States as people are free to take who they marry which is known as love lucifer, while the type of matrimony practiced is a monogynist one, intending there is merely one partner. Their post-marital abode is neolocal, this is when the honeymooners get their ain place outside of the bride or grooms abode. Descent in Germany is unilineal, intending that affinity can be traced through either the female parent ‘s or father ‘s line. Germans refer to kin fundamentally the same manner that we do in the United States though distant relations such as 2nd cousins or great uncles have no specific differentiation. Kinship is of import to the German people and is shown most during vacations, household assemblages, and other of import parts in a individual ‘s life. The in-between category is the most prevailing societal category at about 54 per centum of the population, though there has been much noted to the fact that this cate gory is and has been acquiring smaller over the past old ages. Cultural groups in Germany consist chiefly of Germans at around 92 per centum, while 2.4 per centum are of Turkish descent, while the other class consists chiefly of Greek, Italian, Russian, Polish, and Spanish at about 6 per centum. Though adult females in Germany do hold equal rights they are still strongly leaned upon for childrearing patterns every bit good as twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours household responsibilities. Watching the picture â€Å" Romantic Germany † every bit good as questioning person who really lived in Germany truly helped me to better understand the civilization in which they live. Most big metropoliss every bit good as tourer finishs are located on one of the major waterways that flow through this state. Outside, in the hills of these metropoliss is where you will happen many household owned vineries every bit good as smaller pastoralist farms that house animate beings such as cowss and sheep. Lake Constance, the biggest lake in Germany is one of the most popular recreational and tourer finishs in Europe. It is located on the Rhine in the northern part of the Alps and is surrounded by neighbouring states Switzerland and Austria, there are besides many dumbly populated metropoliss along the seashore of this lake and you will most likely discovery farm animal graze in the hills of these metropoliss. One of the state ‘s most celebrated and recognizable festivals is Oktoberfest the universe ‘s largest just held every twelvemonth in Munich which consists of some 6 million participants in its 16 – 18 twenty-four hours entireness. The festival is known for its great nutrient, music, carnival drives, and beer imbibing. The chief athletics in Germany is soccer and you will ever hold an chance to take part as the state is home to over 1,000 club squads. Other popular athleticss in Germany include bobsleighing, luge, and skeleton partially because they are the lone state in the universe to hold four paths for each athletics. Other popular recreational activities include biking and boosting through the countryside. Germany ‘s most celebrated professional jocks include Boris Becker and Steffi Graf, both of which are former expansive sweep winning tennis participants along with former expression one universe title-holder Michael Schumacher. Bernard Langer is a erstw hile Masterss golf title-holder and former universe figure one golf player. Presently the most popular German jock executing in an American athleticss conference is former MVP and power forward for the Dallas Mavericks Dirk Nowitzki.

How useful is the concept of genre to media producers and audiences Essays

How useful is the concept of genre to media producers and audiences Essays How useful is the concept of genre to media producers and audiences Paper How useful is the concept of genre to media producers and audiences Paper Essay Topic: Film Pulp Fiction All areas of media such as film, TV and music can be classified into recognisable types also known as genre. These can be divided by what is known as sub-genre. For example a film such as Rush hour can be classified into category of action-comedy. The main element of the film is action but has comedy within it so would fit into the sub-genre of action-comedy. Generic codes repeat with regularity and are useful to the producer of the film, the people who make it and the audience alike. Genre is a very useful tool, for the people whose idea it is to make the film, to the audience who finally consume it. The use of genre makes advertising a particular film an easier process. A film poster is quite an important aspect of a films advertising. This therefore means what is advertised on the poster is very important. The genre of the film must be instantly recognisable by a potential consumer of the film. Cabin Fever is a film where the genre is quickly recognised by the audience. The poster shows a hut in the distance, with a forest around it but only red and black colours are used. The use of the colours signifies to the audience blood and horror. The designer of the poster has used these colours because of the way audiences sub-consciously or not recognises certain generic codes. We often associate red with blood and also death, though on its own would not signify a horror film so we see a hut in the wilderness. Though most people would be able to tell this is a horror film at the top of the poster it says Terror In the flesh. Each genre will appeal to different people as everyone has their own tastes, so it is important for the producers of the film to use the codes and conventions associated with the film so that what is advertised applies to the genre it suggests. Part of the success of the advertising campaign echoes from previous examples of that genre. A science fiction film may feature something that the audience will relate to, such as in Independence day where we see the distant earth with spaceships. We know what the genre will be and therefore whether to chose to see it. A proportion of the audience will go and see a film based on who directs it. Where a film is sold on the personality of the director, this is known as the auteur theory. These films are sold on the directors particular style and these films are a success because of it. Occasionally these films are often hard to categorise into a genre, as the directors individual style can mean they do not follow the conventions of a genre. Tarrantino is a director famous for his individual style. Two of his most well known films, Resevoir Dogs and Pulp fiction play on are expectations on the gangster genre. Through our experiences of watching gangster films we know what to expect, however with films such as the two suggested we enjoy watching films, which break the codes of that genre. A film such as Scarface is a gangster film that follows the typical codes that the audience expect from it. If the audience has experiences of seeing such films it makes watching Pulp Fiction more enjoyable as it breaks these conventions but still can be classified as a gangster film. What stars feature in a film can often determine the success and popularity of a film. Audiences will often go and see a film based on what actors or actresses star, and not what type of film it is. This means that genre is not always as important especially when the film is consumed on the basis of the stars in it. It makes it easier for producers to guarantee the success of a film by signing a famous star. This means that genre is not always as important to the audience if they decide whether to watch a film on who stars in it. Actors often stick to a particular genre of that they are best known for or are seen to act the best in. It can be risky for an actor to be in a film they are not familiar with, as they may not be able to adapt, which can be disappointing for the audience who are used to their chosen actor/ actress in a particular role. Arnold Schwarzenegger is well known for action films, such as in the Terminator series. When the audience knows that he is in a film they may want to go on see it because they like the role he plays, but also because they know the type of films that he is in. The auteur theory and who stars in a film shows that genre is not always useful to the audience. However genre is very important if we wish for our expectations in a film to be met. We use conventions to make us feel at home and deviating from aspects of a genre may confuse the audience or mean that their expectations are not met. A film such as Die hard follows many of the conventions that the audience would expect. It has a terrorist situation with peoples lives at risk. Against all odds the good guy manages to defeat the numerous enemy and the leader of the terrorists by using guns and various other weaponry. The main character Bruce Willis has a woman whose relationship whose relationship is in jeopardy. If the audience wanted to see an action film where the conventions of this genre are followed then Die hard would be a good choice as these are followed. Where the audience have the expectation of a film to be a certain way, we find it enjoyable where this is fulfilled at the end of the film. If this is not met the audience can feel disappointed that they have not seen what they expected. This can be quite dangerous for profucers and film makers, as if the audiences expectations have not been met they may feel cheated which can generate particular mistrust for a particular film maker or genre. This is the last thing producers and film makers want, which is why venturing into a new convention, or changing conventions of a genre is risky. However this can have its rewards but is a gamble on whether it will be a success or not. This is why the media world does not often see this. When producing something that the audience is familiar with it has a guaranteed success, as long it is of a reasonable standard. The media world is controlled by finance. The people and organisations that fund a particular project or product are often un-willing to back something with a lesser chance of success due to its diversity. This is understandable, as the media world is a business with the aim of achieving as much profit as possible. However where the genre is played on, can bring in the rewards. Sometimes a film does not meet our expectations, however this can sometimes be a good affect. Where a films genre has been messed about of changed we enjoy the unexpectedness of the genre being messed about with. Pulp Fiction is a film where the audience may feel this. At the start we feel at home because we have seen many other gangster films in the past but we enjoy the script which makes the characters talk like no ganters weve ever heard before. The situations are familiar to us, but the dialogue very different to what the audience expects. An example of this is when the characters played by Samuel L. Jackson and John Travolta are in a car talking about what each country calls a Macdonalds meal. Our enjoyment stems from our knowledge of genre however for the audience to appreciate this kind of experience they must have knowledge of the genre. We enjoy seeing the rules of the genre broken as long as the film-maker does not go to far so the audience isnt confused and perhaps disappointed with what theyve experienced. A fine balance has to be met so it is important that the film makers get it right. However rebellious or alternative we picture ourselves as we still like some level of organisation in the media texts we enjoy. This is what genre is used for and makes us feel secure through the genre workings. Genre is useful and enjoyable to the audience in that we like the anticipation of waiting for the predictable features. Though we may complain when a television programme such as Eastenders has a predictable setup, but one of the reasons we watch it is that we see our expectations fulfilled. The audience enjoys this, but sometimes we like the producers to surprise us. With all types of media, there are examples where the producer can go too far, and the audience can be lsft disappointed or confused. This can mean the audience will not watch the program again which is the last thing the producers want. In an episode of the x-files we expect some kind of investigation in Alien activity by Molder and Scully, however when the stand up comedy episode was aired I fely that this did not work and Id imagine other viewers would feel the same. These types of films usually come from a film company with a low film budget or from outside of Hollywood. This is because the film-makers, producers and director has less constraints which mean there is more freedom to make the film they want to. Hollywood is often reluctant to venture into a project with known risk as at the end of the day for many the aim for many is to make as much money as possible from the film. However in recent years Hollywood are seeing the benefits of changing conventions of genre, as the producers know how to meet our expectations, and so therefore also how to play with them. These films can often be considered low-art, as though they are very popular by consumers do not necessarily have to be of a high quality. As long as the mass-market continues to watch these films then Hollywood will follow particular genres very closely. Film producers use genre ton see what types of films are popular. Western films used to be very popular, however this genre has somewhat now gone out of fashion. This is why Hollywood does not make this genre of film for consumers. Hollywood aim is to achieve the pleasure of the majority of the population, which means genre is a useful tool in doing this. After all, the film industry is competing for the audiences leisure pound. If there is films in the cinema that few people wish to see then this leisure pounf will be spent on something elso. All forms of media are competing for this leisure pound, and so by appealing to the audiences tastes on genre is more makes it more likely for the audiences leisure pound to be spent on this. Many people find by finding what type of film or genre it is can determine whether they want to pay to see it. As action and comedy are two of the most popular genres by making a film such as rush hour which combines the two is likely to be popular. Even when we go to a video shop already knowing what type of film we want to watch, be it a night in with friends to watch a horror film or whatever. This is useful because we can easily pick out what films fall under this genre, as they are easily spotted or are categorised into genres.

Biotics Components Paper Essays - Systems Ecology, Ecology, Habitat

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